How To Hope: Do The Math

Of Jupiter’s many satellites, Europa presents the compelling case in our Solar System for conditions suitable for extraterrestrial life: prebiotic chemicals, subsurface liquid oceans, and water ice.

17 sounds from Jonatha Chance rendered upon the Hanx Prime Select virtual typewriter with Hanx Writer app: “The Drake Equation / suggests that we are novel / but far from alone” | Copyright © 2024 CC-BY-NC-ND (4.0 International)

Image courtesy of NASA.gov | The font NASA used for this graphic is unfortunate as it seems to have identical renderings for the subscripted “e” and “l” — or it contains a typo. N = R* fp ne fl fi fc L.

Image composited by Christine Newton Bush, created with Adobe Express | Copyright © 2024 CC-BY-NC-ND (4.0 International)